Includes bibliographical references (pages 437-474) and index.

Foreword

Preface to Third Edition

Acknowledgments

Introduction

CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound

International System of Units

Basic Physics Concepts

Mass, force, weight, volume, density

Speed, velocity, momentum, acceleration, inertia

Elasticity, stiffness

Work, energy, power, intensity

Pressure

Overview of Sound

Air

Air pressure

Air flow

Air pressure, volume, and density

Sound: Changes in Air Pressure

Elasticity, inertia, and friction

Wave motion of sound

Mass/spring system

Simple harmonic motion

Frequency, period, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude

Pure tones

Visually depicting sound waves: waveforms

Complex Sounds

Visually depicting sound waves: spectra

Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction

Constructive and Destructive Interference

Attributes of Sounds

Frequency and pitch

Human range of hearing

Amplitude, intensity, and loudness

Decibel scale

Advantages of the decibel scale

Applications of the decibel scale

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 2: Resonance

Acoustic Resonance

Tube resonators and standing waves

Acoustic resonators as filters

Bandwidth

Cutoff frequencies

Resonance curves

Parameters of a filter

Types of filters

Vocal Tract Resonance

Characteristics of the vocal tract resonator

Source-filter theory of vowel production

Formant frequencies related to oral and pharyngeal volumes

Vowel formant frequencies

F1/F2 plots

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 3: The Articulatory System

Articulators of the Vocal Tract

Oral cavity

Lips

Mandible

Teeth

Dental occlusion

Hard palate

Soft palate

Muscles of the velum

Velopharyngeal closure

Tongue

Muscles of the tongue

Tongue movements for speech and swallowing

Pharynx

Muscles of the pharynx

Nasal cavities

Valves of the vocal tract

Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels

Place of articulation of English consonants

Manner of articulation of English consonants

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

Nasals

Glides

Liquids

Voicing

Vowel classification

Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants

Spectrographic analysis

Narrowband and wideband spectrograms

Vowels

Diphthongs

Nasals

Glides

Liquids

Stops

Silent gap

Release burst

Voice onset time

Formant transitions

Fricatives

Affricates

The Production of Speech Sounds in Context

Coarticulation

Suprasegmentals

Intonation

Stress

Duration

Summary

Review Exercises







CHAPTER 4:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Articulation

Kinematic Measures of Articulatory Variables

Cineradiography

Strain gauge

X-ray microbeam

Ultrasound

Electropalatography and glossography

Magnetic resonance imaging

Electromagnetic articulography

Articulation and Intelligibility

Dysarthria/Apraxia

Acoustic measures

Vowel formant analysis

Spectral analysis of consonants

Kinematic measures

Cineradiography

Strain gauge

Electropalatography

Electromagnetic articulography

Hearing Impairment

Acoustic measures

Kinematic measures

Electropalatography and glossography

Cochlear implantation

Acoustic measures

Kinematic measures

Phonological/Articulatory Disorders

Acoustic measures

Kinematic measures

Ultrasound

Electropalatography

Cleft Palate

Summary

Review Exercises

Integrative Case Studies



CHAPTER 5:The Phonatory system

Laryngeal Skeleton

Bones and cartilages

Joints of the larynx

Valves within the Larynx

Aryepiglottic folds

False vocal folds

True vocal folds

Cover-body model

Glottis

Muscles of the Larynx

Extrinsic muscles

Intrinsic muscles

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

Mucosal wave

Phonation threshold pressure

Glottal spectrum

Harmonic spacing

Nearly periodic nature of the human voice

Vocal Quality

Normal vocal quality

Abnormal vocal qualities

Breathy voice

Rough/hoarse voice

Vocal Registers

Physiological and acoustic characteristics of modal, pulse, and falsetto registers

Use of different registers in singing and speaking

Acoustic Measures of Phonatory Variables

Frequency and intensity variables

Average fundamental frequency

Frequency variability

Maximum phonation frequency range

Voice amplitude/intensity

Average amplitude level

Amplitude variability

Dynamic range

Voice range profile

Perturbation measures

Noise measures

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 6: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders

Electroglottography

EGG and registers

EGG slope quotients

Endoscopy and Videostroboscopy

High speed Digital Imaging

Videokymography

Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function

Laryngeal Aging

Acoustic changes over the lifespan

Neurological Disorders

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Parkinson's disease

Unilateral vocal fold paresis/paralysis

Spasmodic dysphonia

Paradoxical vocal fold motion

Benign mucosal lesions, muscle tension dysphonia, and/or GERD

Laryngeal Cancer

Hearing Impairment

Transsexual Voice

Summary

Review Exercises

Integrative Case Studies



CHAPTER 7: The Respiratory System

Pulmonary Apparatus

Bronchial tree

Chest wall

Muscles of Respiration

Accessory muscles of respiration

Muscles of the abdomen

Pleural Linkage

Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs

Inhalation

Exhalation

Rate of breathing

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Resting expiratory level

Lung volumes

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Residual volume

Dead air

Lung capacities

Vital capacity

Functional residual capacity

Inspiratory capacity

Total lung capacity

Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech

Location of air intake

Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled per cycle

Muscle activity for exhalation

Chest wall shape

Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech

Breathing patterns for speech

Changes in speech breathing over the lifespan

Features of speech breathing in children

Features of speech breathing in older adults

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 8: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders

Measurement of Respiratory Variables

Pulmonary function testing

Respiratory kinematic analysis

Plethysmography

Linearized magnetometers

Air pressures

Airflow

Respiratory Function and Speech Production

Classification of respiratory problems

Symptoms of respiratory disorders

Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders

Neurological disorders

Parkinson's disease

Cerebellar disease

Cervical spinal cord injury

Cerebral palsy

Mechanical ventilation

Voice disorders

Asthma

Paradoxical vocal fold motion

Summary

Review Exercises

Integrative Case Studies



CHAPTER 9: The Auditory System

Outer Ear

Tympanic Membrane

Middle Ear

Eustachian tube

Ossicles

Muscles

Functions of the middle ear

Inner Ear

Cochlea

Basilar membrane

Cochlear function

Perception of Speech

Segmentation problem

The role of redundancy in speech perception

Instrumental analysis of vowel and consonant perception

Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs

Diphthongs

Consonants

Categorical perception

Multiple acoustic cues

Influence of coarticulation

Perception of Consonants

Liquids
Glides

Nasals

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

Hearing Loss

Hearing loss and speech perception

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 10:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment

Measurement of Auditory Variables

Immittance audiometry

Tympanometry

Tympanometric procedures

Tympanogram shapes

Advantages of tympanometry

Static-acoustic middle ear admittance

Acoustic reflex testing

Otoacoustic emissions testing

Spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions

Auditory brainstem response testing

Evaluation of Speech Perception

Cochlear Implants

Training for cochlear implant users

Otitis Media and Speech Perception

Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception

Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception

Summary

Review Exercises

Integrative Case Study



CHAPTER 11: The Nervous System

Brain tissue

Glial cells

Neurons

Types of neurons

Sensory receptors

Neuronal function

Conduction velocity

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Central nervous system

Meninges

Ventricles

Functional brain anatomy

Cortex

Lobes of the brain

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobes

Temporal lobes

Occipital lobe

Limbic lobe

Cortical connections

Commissural fibers

Association fibers

Projection fibers

Subcortical Areas of the Brain

Basal nuclei

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

Spinal nerves

Cranial Nerves

CN V: Trigeminal

CN VII: Facial

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

CN X: Vagus

CN XII: Hypoglossal

Blood Supply to the Brain

The Language Zone

Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production

Motor cortex

Upper and lower motor neurons

Direct and indirect systems

Motor units

Principles of Motor Control

Feedback and feedforward

Efference copy

Summary

Review Exercises



CHAPTER 12: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System

Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure

Computerized tomography

Magnetic resonance imaging

Techniques for Imaging Brain Function

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Positron emission tomography

Single photon emission computerized tomography

Electroencephalography and evoked potentials

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders

Stuttering

Stroke

Parkinson's disease

Multiple sclerosis

Alzheimer's disease

Summary

Review Exercises

Integrative Case Study



CHAPTER 13: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception

Models

Theories

Speech Production

Spatial and articulatory target models

Feedback and feedforward models

The DIVA model

Action theory

Speech Perception

Motor theory

Summary

Review Exercises



Glossary

References

Index